Topic summary
37% 22 analyzed articles/videos 15,804 analyzed words
BS Summary: These Municipal Finance results contain 52 faulty reasoning types, including Framing Effect , Biased Writer Voice , and Appeal to Emotion , with Negativity Bias as the most egregious example at 5.6% saturation with 4,044 hits . Analysis detected 36,921 faulty-reasoning hits from 72,340 analyzed words across 22 articles, generating a BS Score of 1% and a BS Rank of 5% (23,563 of 24,569 topics). This Municipal Finance is better (less manipulative) than 95.90% of the peer group. Municipal Finance
Topic details
Total words: 72,340
Article count: 22
Authors
Ranking context Position among analyzed topics
4% percentile 0 25 50 75 100 4.1% percentile 1.0% BS Score22 analyzed articles72.3K analyzed words
Reasoning profile Selected profile versus the sitewide rate
Highest rates Largest gaps
Shared scale 0–50%
0.0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Framing Effect Sitewide 26.9% Topic 5.2% 5.2% Negativity Bias Sitewide 19.2% Topic 5.6% 5.6% Appeal to Emotion Sitewide 15.9% Topic 2.7% 2.7% Appeal to Authority Sitewide 11.1% Topic 2.2% 2.2% Availability Heuristic Sitewide 9.1% Topic 1.8% 1.8% In-Group Bias Sitewide 6.9% Topic 0.7% 0.7% Halo Effect Sitewide 6.7% Topic 0.8% 0.8% Confirmation Bias Sitewide 7.5% Topic 1.8% 1.8% Hasty Generalization Sitewide 8.1% Topic 2.4% 2.4% Anecdotal Sitewide 5.2% Topic 0.8% 0.8% Sitewide departure map Above the diagonal means this profile uses the pattern more often
0.0% 0.0% 10% 10% 20% 20% 30% 30% 40% 40% 50% 50% Framing Effect: Topic 5.2%, sitewide 26.9% Negativity Bias: Topic 5.6%, sitewide 19.2% Appeal to Emotion: Topic 2.7%, sitewide 15.9% Appeal to Authority: Topic 2.2%, sitewide 11.1% Availability Heuristic: Topic 1.8%, sitewide 9.1% Hasty Generalization: Topic 2.4%, sitewide 8.1% Confirmation Bias: Topic 1.8%, sitewide 7.5% In-Group Bias: Topic 0.7%, sitewide 6.9% Halo Effect: Topic 0.8%, sitewide 6.7% Optimism Bias: Topic 2.7%, sitewide 6.0% Biased Writer Voice: Topic 4.1%, sitewide 5.3% Anecdotal: Topic 0.8%, sitewide 5.2% Overconfidence Bias: Topic 1.3%, sitewide 4.6% Anchoring Bias: Topic 1.1%, sitewide 4.0% Self-Serving Bias: Topic 1.4%, sitewide 3.7% Post Hoc (False Cause): Topic 1.3%, sitewide 3.3% Out-Group Homogeneity Bias: Topic 0.2%, sitewide 3.1% Fundamental Attribution Error: Topic 0.5%, sitewide 2.7% Recency Bias: Topic 0.8%, sitewide 2.7% Loss Aversion: Topic 0.8%, sitewide 2.5% Bandwagon: Topic 0.1%, sitewide 2.2% Status Quo Bias: Topic 1.2%, sitewide 2.2% Ad Hominem: Topic 0.8%, sitewide 2.2% Politically Left Leaning Bias: Topic 0.4%, sitewide 2.0% Framing Effect Sitewide rate Topic rate Analyzed articles and videos Sort by Most recent Article rank - best Article rank - worst