Vallejo has released its long-secret police badge-bending report. Read it here. 44%

By Geoffrey King34%

6/23/2026, 1:36:54 PM

BS Summary: This article contains 19 faulty reasoning types, including Pessimism Bias, Post Hoc (False Cause), and Appeal to Authority, with Negativity Bias as the most egregious example at 50.8% saturation with 266 hits. Analysis detected 777 faulty-reasoning hits from 524 analyzed words, generating a BS Score of 40.9% and a BS Rank of 44% (15,368 of 27,348 articles). This article is better (less manipulative) than 56.20% of the article peer group.

The city of Vallejo has been forced to release its investigation into a macabre police ritual, first exposed by Open Vallejo six years ago , in which officers bent the tips of their star-shaped badges to mark each civilian they killed. 
Officers called the tradition, “The Badge of Honor.” 
Open Vallejo’s reporting sparked immediate impact. 
Vallejo police shot someone on average every four months between 2000 and 2020, often fatally, data shows . 
The most recent killing came less than two months before this newsroom exposed the badge-bending ritual in July 2020; the department has not killed anyone since. 
When California passed a landmark 2021 law banning law enforcement gangs , the bill’s bicameral analyses cited the badge-bending revelations. 
The California Department of Justice opened a review of Vallejo police in 2020, citing the “number and nature” of shootings by officers. 
A voluntary reform effort stalled , and in 2023 Attorney General Rob Bonta sued the city , alleging a pattern of excessive force. 
Vallejo agreed to court-enforced reforms . 
Vallejo announced its own investigation days after Open Vallejo’s article was published. 
The city hired former Sonoma County Sheriff Robert Giordano, then refused to release his report. 
The American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California and Open Vallejo each sued under California transparency laws. 
In 2025, a state appeals court ordered the report disclosed in the ACLU’s case, which Open Vallejo supported with two friend-of-the-court briefs, and the California Supreme Court declined to intervene . 
At least 14 of the 46 Vallejo officers involved in those fatal shootings had a badge bent by a colleague, Open Vallejo found. 
In 2019, the city of Vallejo fired the captain who tried to end the ritual, John Whitney ; he later settled a whistleblower claim alleging retaliation for $900,000. 
A 2020 city attorney’s office study estimated that Vallejo and its insurers faced some $50 million in police-related liability. 
The city has since paid record civil rights settlements: $5.7 million to the family of Ronell Foster, killed by Ofc. 
Ryan McMahon, the largest the city had paid in a police case at the time; $5 million to the family of Willie McCoy, killed by six officers including McMahon; $2.8 million to the family of Angel Ramos, killed by Ofc. 
Zachary Jacobsen; and a record $8.5 million in 2026 to the family of Sean Monterrosa, who was killed in June of 2020. 
Vallejo fired McMahon in 2020 for endangering a fellow officer when he fired at McCoy. 
He is one of nine current and former officers the state agreed in 2024, at the request of the ACLU, to investigate for possible decertification . 
Giordano’s investigation has drawn criticism, including from Solano County Superior Court Judge Daniel Healy, who reviewed Giordano’s findings in a 2022 criminal case. 
During a March 2022 hearing, he said, “I don’t find his investigation designed to serve the needs of the community,” according to court records. 
“It feels to me like he was seeking to thread some needle to satisfy various entities in a way that minimized blowback, certainly not designed to bring light.” 
Article reasoning-pattern comparisonThis article: 3.8%Geoffrey King: 1.5%Open Vallejo: 1.6%Confirmation Bias3.8%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 1.5%Open Vallejo: 1.0%Anchoring Bias0.0%This article: 1.1%Geoffrey King: 2.7%Open Vallejo: 2.5%Availability Heuristic1.1%This article: 4.4%Geoffrey King: 0.7%Open Vallejo: 0.5%Representativeness Heuristic4.4%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.2%Open Vallejo: 0.4%Hindsight Bias0.0%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.1%Open Vallejo: 0.1%Overconfidence Bias0.0%This article: 7.8%Geoffrey King: 4.4%Open Vallejo: 3.2%Framing Effect7.8%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.2%Open Vallejo: 0.1%Loss Aversion0.0%This article: 5.0%Geoffrey King: 0.5%Open Vallejo: 0.4%Status Quo Bias5.0%This article: 3.8%Geoffrey King: 0.6%Open Vallejo: 0.4%Sunk Cost Effect3.8%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.7%Open Vallejo: 0.7%Optimism Bias0.0%This article: 9.5%Geoffrey King: 0.8%Open Vallejo: 0.7%Pessimism Bias9.5%This article: 50.8%Geoffrey King: 15.2%Open Vallejo: 11.9%Negativity Bias50.8%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.3%Open Vallejo: 1.1%Self-Serving Bias0.0%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 1.2%Open Vallejo: 0.8%Fundamental Attribution Error0.0%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.1%Open Vallejo: 0.1%Actor-Observer Bias0.0%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.3%Open Vallejo: 0.2%In-Group Bias0.0%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.0%Open Vallejo: 0.0%Out-Group Homogeneity Bias0.0%This article: 4.4%Geoffrey King: 0.9%Open Vallejo: 0.8%Halo Effect4.4%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.2%Open Vallejo: 0.1%Horn Effect0.0%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.0%Open Vallejo: 0.0%Dunning-Kruger Effect0.0%This article: 5.0%Geoffrey King: 0.9%Open Vallejo: 1.0%Recency Bias5.0%This article: 2.3%Geoffrey King: 0.4%Open Vallejo: 0.2%Primacy Effect2.3%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.0%Open Vallejo: 0.0%Blind-Spot Bias0.0%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.0%Open Vallejo: 0.0%Ad Hominem0.0%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.0%Open Vallejo: 0.0%Straw Man0.0%This article: 8.2%Geoffrey King: 1.3%Open Vallejo: 1.1%Appeal to Authority8.2%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.0%Open Vallejo: 0.1%False Dilemma0.0%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.4%Open Vallejo: 0.2%Slippery Slope0.0%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.0%Open Vallejo: 0.0%Circular Reasoning0.0%This article: 7.8%Geoffrey King: 1.4%Open Vallejo: 1.5%Hasty Generalization7.8%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.0%Open Vallejo: 0.2%Red Herring0.0%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.0%Open Vallejo: 0.0%Bandwagon0.0%This article: 5.3%Geoffrey King: 3.1%Open Vallejo: 2.2%Appeal to Emotion5.3%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.0%Open Vallejo: 0.0%Begging the Question0.0%This article: 8.4%Geoffrey King: 2.0%Open Vallejo: 1.4%Post Hoc (False Cause)8.4%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.0%Open Vallejo: 0.0%Tu Quoque0.0%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.0%Open Vallejo: 0.0%Burden of Proof0.0%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.0%Open Vallejo: 0.0%Appeal to Nature0.0%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.2%Open Vallejo: 0.1%Composition/Division0.0%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 1.2%Open Vallejo: 1.2%Anecdotal0.0%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.0%Open Vallejo: 0.0%No True Scotsman0.0%This article: 5.3%Geoffrey King: 0.7%Open Vallejo: 0.5%Ambiguity (Equivocation)5.3%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.0%Open Vallejo: 0.0%Gambler’s Fallacy0.0%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.0%Open Vallejo: 0.0%Middle Ground0.0%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.0%Open Vallejo: 0.0%Personal Incredulity0.0%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.0%Open Vallejo: 0.0%Special Pleading0.0%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.0%Open Vallejo: 0.0%Genetic Fallacy0.0%This article: 5.9%Geoffrey King: 1.1%Open Vallejo: 1.2%Unattributed Quote5.9%This article: 1.5%Geoffrey King: 0.5%Open Vallejo: 0.4%Quote-first Misdirection1.5%This article: 7.8%Geoffrey King: 3.6%Open Vallejo: 2.4%Biased Writer Voice7.8%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.4%Open Vallejo: 0.4%Indoctrination0.0%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.4%Open Vallejo: 0.7%Politically Left Leaning Bias0.0%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.0%Open Vallejo: 0.0%Politically Right Leaning Bias0.0%This article: 0.0%Geoffrey King: 0.0%Open Vallejo: 0.0%Attempt to Sell a Product or S…0.0%

524 words analyzed.

Speakers

1speaker9.9%attributed speech472writer words
Selected voice

Daniel Healy

100%flagged-word coverage
52 attributed words100% of attributed speech78% writer coverage
0%5.0%10.0%Biased Writer Voice-8.7 ptsWriter: 8.7%Daniel Healy: 0.0%0.0%Unattributed Quote-6.6 ptsWriter: 6.6%Daniel Healy: 0.0%0.0%Quote-first Misdirection-1.7 ptsWriter: 1.7%Daniel Healy: 0.0%0.0%

Attribution is sentence-level. Pattern percentages are calculated only from words assigned to that voice.

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Analysis

Hover over highlighted words in the article to view the associated bias or fallacy analysis.